← Unit 5

Optimization: the exact best

5.10 · 5.11  —  turn a real question into a function, and let the derivative find the single best answer. Everything this unit built — critical points, the tests, the justifications — pays off here.
You already know that tradeoffs have a sweet spot. Cut the corners too small and the box is a flat pancake; too big and it’s a hollow chimney — the best box is somewhere in the middle. What calculus adds is the word exactly. Write the quantity as a function, and the sweet spot stops being a feeling: it’s the point where f′ = 0 — computable to the decimal. That upgrade — from “somewhere in the middle” to “exactly here” — is optimization.

Hunt it by hand — then let calculus beat you

Drag anywhere: the object reshapes, and every size you try plots a point — your attempts trace out the quantity’s curve below. Hunt for the best one and your record is marked. Then press ✦ Solve it exactly: the derivative doesn’t guess — it lands the exact optimum, first try. See how close your hands got.

your explored curve ○ your best ✦ exact optimum drag left–right anywhere
cut size
shape right now
volume
your best so far
exact (calculus)not solved yet

The recipe, one move at a time

Every optimization problem — every single one — is the same six moves. Here they are on the fence problem, where the hardest move (killing the extra variable) shows itself most clearly. Reveal each step and read why before moving on.

Four cards to keep

Objective vs. constraint two different equations

The objective is the quantity you want biggest or smallest. The constraint is the fact that must stay true (so much fence, so much volume). The constraint is substitution fuel: solve it for one variable and feed it into the objective.

Domain before derivative reality check

Lengths can’t be negative; a cut can’t exceed half the sheet. Write the domain first — it tells you which critical points are real and whether endpoints are candidates too.

Justify it the point isn’t enough

f′(c)=0 makes c a candidate. Seal it: f″(c)<0 ⇒ max (or >0 ⇒ min) — and if c is the only critical point in the domain, it’s the absolute winner.

Answer the question asked the last 10%

x = 25 is where the best happens — not the answer. If they asked for the maximum area, report A = 1250 m². Reread the question, give the right quantity, with units.

Practice

Quick check

Where it goes wrong

Differentiating too early

If your formula still has two variables, stop. Use the constraint first — you can only take \(\frac{d}{dx}\) of a one-variable function.

Ignoring the domain

A critical point outside the domain is garbage (a 6-inch cut from a 12-inch sheet). And on a closed interval, the endpoints are candidates too.

Answering x instead of the question

“x = 25” earns setup points, not the answer point. Report the quantity they asked for — the area, the volume, the cost — with units.

No justification

Finding \(f'=0\) and declaring victory skips the test. Show the sign change, or \(f''\), or the candidates table — the AP reader needs the why.

Carry these out the door